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| Pristimantis ridens | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | Pristimantis |
| Species: | P. ridens
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| Binomial name | |
| Pristimantis ridens (Cope, 1866)
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| Synonyms | |
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Pristimantis ridens, also known as the pygmy rain frog and the Rio San Juan robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and western Colombia.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy
[edit]The first description of the species was published in 1866 by Edward Drinker Cope, who placed it in the genus Phyllobates.[5] The holotype was collected by Robert Kennicott, with the type locality being the San Juan River of Nicaragua. The holotype was deposited into the collection of the United States National Museum, but has since been lost.[6][7] In 1885, Cope erected the genus Hypodictyon and moved ridens to it.[8][5]
In 1888, George Albert Boulenger moved the species to Syrrhophus;[a] a genus erected by Cope in 1878 that was later deemed to be synonymous with Eleutherodactylus by George S. Myers in 1962, which was ignored by other writers until 1989, when Stephen Blair Hedges published a paper coming to the same conclusion and treating Syrrhophus as a subgenus of Eleutherodactylus.[5][9]
By the time that synonymy was established, Edward Harrison Taylor had already moved the species to Eleutherodactylus, doing so in 1952;[5][10] however, due to a different synonymy, the first placement of the species into Eleutherodactylus had occurred even earlier. In 1931, Emmett Reid Dunn moved Syrrhophus lutosus,[b] which he and Thomas Barbour had described in 1921, [12][11] to Eleutherodactylus. He did this while also treating Syrrhopus molinoi ,[c] described by Thomas Barbour in 1929 and established to be synonymous with Eleutherodactylus ridens by John D. Lynch in 1980,[5][13] as a subspecies of lutosus, a decision Jay M. Savage later called "obviously incorrect".[5][7]
The species was moved to Prismantis in 2007 by S. Blair Hedges, Matthew P. Heinicke and William E. Duellman, and the following year the three resurrected the name Hypodictyon as a subgenus within Prismantis.[5]
Description
[edit]Pristimantis ridens are small frogs, with males growing to 19 mm (0.75 in) and females to 25 mm (0.98 in) in snout–vent length. The dorsal skin is smooth and pale brown or yellow in colour, with some pink undertones. There is often a slightly darker W-shaped patch just behind the head. Individuals may have a single or two, parallel dorsolateral stripes. The thighs are barred. The ventral colouration is yellow with some dark specks.[3]
Pristimantis ridens can be very similar to Pristimantis cruentus.[4]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]P. ridens is found in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and on the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. The species' natural habitats are humid lowland and montane forests to about 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level.[1][3] It also occurs disturbed habitats such as degraded secondary vegetation, plantations, rural gardens, and urban areas.[1]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pristimantis ridens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T56916A54351576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T56916A54351576.en. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
- ^ Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2015). "Pristimantis ridens (Cope, 1866)". Lista de los Anfibios de Colombia V.05.2015. www.batrachia.com. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ^ a b c "Pristimantis ridens Cope 1866". Amphibians of Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
- ^ a b McCranie, James R. (2015). "A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed". Zootaxa. 3931 (3): 352–386. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3931.3.2. PMID 25781832.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Frost, Darrel R. (2026). "Pristimantis ridens (Cope, 1866)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
- ^ Cope, Edward Drinker (1866). "Fourth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 18: 131. Retrieved 31 May 2026 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Savage, Jay M. (1866). "The systematic status of Central American frogs confused with Eleutherodactylus cruentus". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 94 (2): 417–419. Retrieved 31 May 2026 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Cope, Edward Drinker (24 July 1885). "A contribution to the herpetology of Mexico". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 22 (120): 383. Retrieved 31 May 2026 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2026). "Eleutherodactylus Duméril and Bibron, 1841". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
- ^ Taylor, Edward H. (1 July 1952). "Herpetological novelties". The University of Kansas Science Bulletin. 25 (5): 690–693. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.4328. Retrieved 31 May 2026 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2026). "Pristimantis cruentus (Peters, 1873)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 31 May 2026.
- ^ Barbour, Thomas; Dunn, Emmett Reid (21 December 1921). "Herpetological novelties". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 34: 158–159. Retrieved 31 May 2026 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Lynch, John D. (June 1980). "Systematic status and distribution of some poorly known frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus from the Chocoan lowlands of South America". Herpetologica. 36 (2): 175, 180. JSTOR 3891484 – via JSTOR.
Mentioned in the freely available abstract.