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| Holodiscus discolor | |
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| Flowers in Anacortes, Washington | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Holodiscus |
| Species: | H. discolor
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| Binomial name | |
| Holodiscus discolor | |
| Varieties[2] | |
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| Synonyms[2][3][4] | |
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Synonymy
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Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, ironwood, mountain spray, and rock-spiraea, is a shrub of western North America.[7][8][9][10]
Description
[edit]Holodiscus discolor is a fast-growing deciduous shrub usually from to 1.2–1.5 metres (4–5 feet) in width, and up to 2.1 m (7 ft) tall. Its alternate leaves are small, 5–9 centimetres (2–3+1⁄2 inches) long and 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) broad, lobed, juicy green when new.[11] The young branches have longitudinal ridges.
Cascading clusters of white flowers drooping from the branches give the plant its two common names. The flowers have a faint sweet, sugary scent. The bloom period is May to July.
It bears a small, hairy fruit containing one seed which is light enough to be dispersed by wind.
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Illustration -
Specimen in Tahoe National Forest, California -
Leaves -
Close-up of flowers
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Distribution and habitat
[edit]The plant is common in the Pacific Northwest, and throughout California in diverse habitats including California mixed evergreen forest, California oak woodlands, chaparral, Coast redwood forest, Douglas-fir forest, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Lodgepole pine forest. It is native to regions of California including the High Sierra Nevada, Northern and Southern California Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, Santa Cruz Mountains, Western Transverse Ranges, and the San Gabriel Mountains.
It also grows in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Idaho. It has been called "nearly ubiquitous" in many plant communities in Utah. In Arizona it occurs in the mountain wilderness of the Madrean Sky Islands such as the Chiricahua Mountains, sometimes in scree with Douglas-fir, and is a common plant in the Grand Canyon. In Nevada it is a component of quaking aspen and willow communities and sagebrush of the Great Basin region.[12]
It is found in both openings and the common understory shrub in a variety of forest overstories from 300–1,300 m (980–4,270 ft) in elevation. In open mountain habitat in the Sierra Nevadas it can be found as high as 3,500 m (11,500 ft). It is found in a variety of habitats, from moist coastal forests to drier, cooler mountains of inland California. The plant is found in areas prone to wildfire, and it is often the first green shoot to spring up in an area recovering from a burn. It is commonly found in chaparral communities, a fire ecology ecosystem which evolved with burning periodically. It also may grow in areas cleared by logging.
In the California black oak woodland plant community, common understory associate species include Toxicodendron diversilobum (Western poison-oak), Heteromeles arbutifolia (toyon), and Dryopteris arguta (coastal wood fern).[13]
Varieties
[edit]Four varieties are accepted.[2]
- Holodiscus discolor var. cedrorum (Raiche & Reveal) D.Potter & Raiche — endemic to serpentine soils in The Cedars area of Sonoma County, California.[14][15]
- Holodiscus discolor var. discolor – British Columbia, western and south-central United States, and northern, central, and southwestern Mexico[4]
- Holodiscus discolor var. glabrescens (Greenm.) Jeps. – northern California[5]
- Holodiscus discolor var. microphyllus (Rydb.) Jeps. – western United States and Baja California Norte[6]
Ecology
[edit]It is of special value as a pollinator plant for native bees and butterflies.[16] It is also a larval host to Lorquin's admiral, pale tiger swallowtail, and spring azure caterpillars.[17]
Uses
[edit]Historically, the plant has been used by Indigenous peoples for many purposes.[18] Raw and cooked seeds were eaten,[19] and leaves were mixed with those of other plants and boiled with small game animals.[20] Many tribes used the wood and bark for making tools and furniture. Noted for the strength of its wood, it was often used for making digging sticks, spears, arrows, bows, harpoons and nails. The wood, like with many other plants, was often hardened with fire and was then polished using horsetail.[21]
The Comox and Tla'amin use oceanspray flowering as an indicator of the best time to dig for butter clams and that the sockeye salmon run is about to begin.[22][23]
Early immigrant explorers used the wood to make nails.[12]
Medicinal
[edit]The Lummi used the flowers as an antidiarrheal and the leaves as a poultice. Several First Nations, such as the Stl'atl'imx, would steep the berries in boiling water to use as a treatment for diarrhea, smallpox, chickenpox and as a blood tonic.[9] Native American peoples such as the Paiute and Shoshoni utilized this as a traditional medicinal plant for ailments such as stomachaches and colds.[24]
References
[edit]- ^ NatureServe (2021). "Holdiscus discolor". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
- ^ a b c "Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ^ "Holodiscus discolor var. cedrorum (Raiche & Reveal) D.Potter & Raiche". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ^ a b "Holodiscus discolor var. discolor". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ^ a b "Holodiscus discolor var. glabrescens (Greenm.) Jeps". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ^ a b "Holodiscus discolor var. microphyllus (Rydb.) Jeps". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ^ NRCS (2008). "Holodiscus discolor". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ a b Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 1-55105-042-0.
- ^ ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network−GRIN, Global Web v 1.9.6.2: Taxonomy of Holodiscus dumosus, with distribution data.
- ^ Potter, Daniel. "Holodiscus discolor". Jepson eFlora. Jepson Flora Project. Retrieved 2 June 2026.
- ^ a b Fryer, Janet L. 2010. U.S. Forest Service, Fire Effects Information System: Holodiscus dumosus, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory [Online].
- ^ "California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii ) - photo/images/information". globaltwitcher.auderis.se. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18.
- ^ Jstor.org: "A New Variety of HOLODISCUS DUMOSUS from Coastal Northwestern CALIFORNIA"; by Roger Raiche and James L. Reveal; Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas; Vol. 5, No. 1 (5 AUGUST 2011), pp. 25-32.
- ^ California Flora Nursery Database: Holodiscus dumosus var. cedrorus
- ^ Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center−NPIN: Holodiscus discolor (Ocean spray)
- ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.[full citation needed]
- ^ "University of Michigan at Dearborn: Ethnobotany of Holodiscus discolor". herb.umd.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
- ^ Patterson, Patricia A. (1985). Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 46.
- ^ Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 12.
- ^ Pojar; J, MacKinnon, A.; Alaback, P., et al. 1956/1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska, ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5
- ^ "Tracking the effects of climate change on wild plant life cycles: monitoring phenology in the field" (PDF). www.usanpn.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-17.
- ^ Turner, Nancy J.; Reid, Andrea J. (November 7, 2022). ""When the Wild Roses Bloom": Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Change in Northwestern North America". GeoHealth. 6 (11). doi:10.1029/2022GH000612. ISSN 2471-1403. PMC 9665002. PMID 36398276.
- ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Holodiscus dumosus
External links
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